Romanica Wratislaviensia, LIV : Le verbe dans tous ses états

Romanica Wratislaviensia

Directeur de la collection : Elżbieta Skibińska

maison d'édition : Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego

Cette collection paraît depuis 1968, dans le cadre d'Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis. Les volumes successifs (ouvrages collectifs ou d'un seul auteur ; monographies ou recueils d'études portant sur des sujets divers) sont consacrés aux questions de la littérature et linguistique romanes (majoritairement françaises, italiennes et espagnoles). Les langues de publication sont le français, l'italien, l'espagnol et le polonais. Les ouvrages collectifs réunissent des études des chercheurs polonais et étrangers.

Romanica Wratislaviensia LIV Le verbe dans tous ses états

Volume dédié au Professeur Edmund Sikora à l'occasion de ses 70 ans

Rédacteur du volume – Monika Grabowska

Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego

Wrocław 2007

(Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis Nr 2941)

Table des matières

• Introduction 7
• Davide ARTICO, Alcune considerazioni sull'uso del passato remoto nel XVI secolo 11
• Elżbieta BIARDZKA, Note sur le verbe du dire en discours direct. Cas de la presse écrite 19
• Pedro CAMPOS FERNÁNDEZ DE PIÉROLA, La referencia de las oraciones ecuativas 25
• Monika GŁOWICKA, Valores y usos de algunos verbos de movimiento españoles y sus equivalentes polacos 35
• Monika GRABOWSKA, Le participe présent dans la didactique du français langue étrangère 47
• Stefan KAUFMAN, Le verbe en langues de la spécialité : vers une description terminographique 67
• Ewelina MARCZAK, Dire, hasarder les demi-mots, ouvrir la bouche... Quelques remarques sur les verbes de communication dans Armance de Stendhal 77
• Natalia PAPROCKA, Verbes de communication et autres introducteurs de citations du discours direct dans les articles de presse française et dans leurs traductions polonaises 91
• Maja PAWŁOWSKA, Comment on parlait de la nature dans la seconde moitié du XVII^e siècle : la correspondance de Mme de Sévigné 109
• Elżbieta SKIBIŃSKA, On + voir dans la traduction polonaise de récits historiques : observations 119
• Eugeniusz UCHEREK, Les corrélations de... en... et d'un... à l'autre et leurs équivalents traductifs polonais dans les constructions avec les verbes de mouvement 133
• Dominique VERBEKEN, Présent et présentification : une question de point de vue 139

Résumés :

• Davide ARTICO, Alcune considerazioni sull'uso del passato remoto nel XVI secolo 11

Summary

SOME REMARKS ON THE USE OF SIMPLE PAST TENSE IN THE 16^th CENTURY TUSCAN

The article presents selected results of a research on the use of past tenses in the 16^th century's Tuscan based upon a fragment from one Giorgio Vasari's letters. In the analysis, forms are provided of a simple past tense which is morphologically similar to passato remoto in modern Italian, although it was meant to describe past actions still connected to the present. Therefore, the tense approximately acted as the Latin perfectum logicum. The examined text features as well forms of a composed (auxiliary and past participle) perfect tense whose similarities to today's passato prossimo are but morphological, and not functional. Along with some passive voices in the past tense which are also to be found in the fragment, these forms illustrate how auxiliary verbs were used in a still unconsolidated manner during the Cinquecento.

Key words: 16^th century's Tuscan, past simple tense, present perfect, auxiliary verbs, passive voice

• Elżbieta BIARDZKA, Note sur le verbe du dire en discours direct. Cas de la presse écrite 19

Summary

NOTE ABOUT SAYING VERBS IN THE DIRECT SPEECH. THE WRITTEN PRESS EXAMPLE

This work discusses direct speech forms in French appearing in written press without an introduction by a saying verb. The author believes that this incompleteness of direct speech does not represent one, but several different cases. First, there are isolated quotations of direct speech preceded by a sentence which actually contains a verbum dicendi: from a semantic point of view, this sentence stands for a syntagma of introduction of a quotation and the syntactic incompleteness has therefore a typographic character. In other cases, lack of context with the preceding saying verb can be observed, or at least an equivalent form: thus, a quotation of direct speech can have a huge semantic and syntactic autonomy and the introducing syntagma can be considered redundant. In the language of written press, such forms of direct speech appear in the texts of articles, but are particularly common and diversified in newspapers paratexts like titles, subtitles and different kinds of mottoes, which can be observed in such newspapers as Le Monde. These incomplete forms of direct speech show how not only the presence, but also the absence of saying verbs in the direct speech can be significant and regular. The absence makes the message more attractive and arrests the reader's attention by forcing them to reconstruct, as it were, incomplete structures when reading.

Key words: direct speech, saying verbs (verbum dicendi), language of written press

• Pedro CAMPOS FERNÁNDEZ DE PIÉROLA, La referencia de las oraciones ecuativas 25

Summary

THE REFERENCE OF EQUATIVE SENTENCES

Equative sentences link two members representing the same thing. That is why it is impossible to discern the subject from an attribute. The problem may be solved by interpreting them according to the structure attribute-copula-attribute, in which the subject is implicit and not mentioned.

Key words: reference, sentence, attribute, subject

• Monika GŁOWICKA, Valores y usos de algunos verbos de movimiento españoles y sus equivalentes polacos 35

Summary

SPANISH VERBS OF MOVEMENT AND THEIR POLISH EQUIVALENTS

The article constitutes a contribution to the discussion on the similarities and differences in the use of selected verbs of movement in Polish and Spanish. The selected instances of use of verbs ir, venir, llegar, which cause difficulties to the learners of Spanish, were analysed. By comparing Polish and Spanish examples, the most frequent errors resulting from incomplete understanding of the meaning of the verbs were analysed. The analysis was only concerned with the most frequent use of the verbs, ignoring their metaphorical or idiomatic use.

Key words: Spanish verbs of movement ir, venir, llegar, Polish equivalents, contrastive analysis, didactics, linguistic errors

• Monika GRABOWSKA, Le participe présent dans la didactique du français langue étrangère 47

Summary

PARTICIPE PRÉSENT IN THE DIDACTICS OF FRENCH

The article is devoted to participe présent, one of the verb forms in French, which is analysed from the glottodidactic perspective. The adopted main premise is the fact that due to its opposition to the forms of gérondif and adjectif verbal, the form causes much controversy with the students and teachers of French as a foreign language. Contentious examples illustrating the opposition conclude the article's first part, which analyses the essence of the opposition in view of selected French course books. Further, grammar books for non-native and native speakers of French are reviewed (points 2 and 3) and after noting the hybrid characteristics of participe présent, attempts were made to explain the cases of use of participe passé which Polish-speaking students of French find difficult to comprehend. The explanations were based on the linguistic work published in the 149/2003 issue of the periodical Langages (T. Arnavielle – Ed.) (Participe présent et gérondif).

Key words: participe présent, gérondif, grammar of French as a foreign language, didactics of French as a foreign language

• Stefan KAUFMAN, Le verbe en langues de la spécialité : vers une description terminographique 67

Summary

THE VERB IN LANGUAGE FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES – ISSUES IN TERMINOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION

The widely-held view that the noun is a predominating part of speech in language for special purposes and in terminology results from theoretical assumptions of classic terminology (onomasiological character of terminological work, apparent independence of a term from the context), yet it is not confirmed by the reality. The verb occupies an important position in specialised texts and, similarly as the noun, may carry significant notional content. The article, based on the material representing various specialisations, discusses the cases when the same notion may be expressed by both a noun and a verb and analyses basic schemes of such a transformation and its connection with such issues as modes of use of a term in the context, interlinguistic equivalence, term's definition and accuracy. To conclude, the author discusses the issue of the description of the discussed phenomena in terminological dictionaries.

Key words: language for special purposes, terminology, terminography, verb

• Ewelina MARCZAK, Dire, hasarder les demi-mots, ouvrir la bouche... Quelques remarques sur les verbes de communication dans Armance de Stendhal 77

Summary

COMMUNICATION VERBS IN STENDHAL'S ARMANCE

This work is concerned with lexemes denoting communication behaviour. The author's task was to research what verbs in a narrative may function similarly as the group of verbs which linguists call verba dicendi. The basic funcion of the latter is to introduce text into text, sequences of quoted words into quoting text. The research material was Stendhal's first novel Armance. All the verbs used by the narrator to quote and present the character's verbal behaviour were selected and an attempt was made to categorise them with a view of proving that not all of them are strictly speaking verba dicendi. Beside such lexemes, there are other verbs which refer to speaking or other types of communication behaviour in terms of contextual or metaphorical use. Therefore, the group of verbs which introduce the character's speech in the narrative is referred to as verbs of communication.

Key words: verbs of communication, reporting verbs, narratised speech, transposed speech, reported speech, character's words

• Natalia PAPROCKA, Verbes de communication et autres introducteurs de citations du discours direct dans les articles de presse française et dans leurs traductions polonaises 91

Summary

VERBS OF COMMUNICATION AND OTHER ELEMENTS INTRODUCING QUOTATIONS IN DIRECT SPEECH IN ARTICLES IN FRENCH PRESS AND THEIR POLISH TRANSLATIONS

The author of the article aims at: (1) collecting verbs of communication and other elements introducing quotations in articles in French press, (2) collecting their Polish equivalents and (3) comparing both collections in terms of the author's “involvement” in what is being quoted.

The corpus was formed by 300 examples of quotations including introducing elements from French press and their Polish translations published in Forum.

The list of introducing elements from French press resulting from the analysis is long, while the collection of their Polish equivalents is much diversified. The analysis of the degree of involvement reveals the tendency of Polish translators to use verbs (or other elements introducing quotations) which are more neutral than their equivalents from French texts.

Key words: quotation, verb of communication, element introducing quotation, involvement, translation of press articles

• Maja PAWŁOWSKA, Comment on parlait de la nature dans la seconde moitié du XVII^e siècle : la correspondance de Mme de Sévigné 109

Summary

HOW THEY TALKED ABOUT NATURE IN THE 17^th CENTURY: MME DE SÉVIGNÉ'S CORRESPONDENCE

Marchioness de Sévigné was one of very few people creating literary descriptions of nature in the second part of the 17^th century. Lack of interest in the subject matter resulted from philosophical, aesthetic and sociological premises, connected with the doctrine of French Classicism. When undertaking the unconventional subject in her correspondence, Mme de Sévigné resorts to stylistic devices adapting it to the taste of the age. She personifies individual elements of nature, transforming it into a rational creature. Another device consists in presenting nature in accordance with the schemes of the topic of pastoral literature. Occasionally, original descriptions appear, which prove Mme de Sévigné's exceptional sensitivity to the beauty of nature. However, the descriptions are awkward, which is substantiated by a limited number of verbs used in the descriptions.

Key words: Mme de Sévigné, French epistolary literature, nature

• Elżbieta SKIBIŃSKA, On + voir dans la traduction polonaise de récits historiques : observations 119

Summary

ON + VOIR IN THE POLISH TRANSLATION OF HISTORIANS' WORKS: REMARKS

The article analyses the use of the structure on + voir in the historians' work and demonstrates that the uses are divided into two groups: in the first the verb voir is used in its primary meaning (visual perception); in the other it denotes intellectual perception. The latter use is characteristic for scientific text: on + voir may be considered as one of the rhetoric elements emphasising the “community” of the author and the recipient, which is also emphasised by the devices used in the translation. The following are characteristic for the former use: a. situations typical for descriptions, when on + voir serves the purpose of spatial location of objects, and b. the situations typical for narrative parts when on + voir introduces infinitive clauses relating events. In the Polish translation of literary and scientific historical texts practically the same means are used. It is interesting that the structure on + voir with the infinitive clause of the visual perception element disappears (observed in the translation of both types of texts), which requires further study.

Key words: French pronoun on, French verb voir, historical narrative, Polish translation

• Eugeniusz UCHEREK, Les corrélations de... en... et d'un... à l'autre et leurs équivalents traductifs polonais dans les constructions avec les verbes de mouvement 133

Summary

CORRELATIONS DE... EN... AND D'UN... À L'AUTRE AND THEIR POLISH TRANSLATION EQUIVALENTS IN THE STRUCTURES WITH VERBS OF MOVEMENT

The article compares French correlations de... en... and d'un... à l'autre with each other and with their Polish translation equivalents in the structures with the verbs of movement. The analysis proves that the correlation de... en... is linked with the imperfective forms of the verbs of movement, thus implicating the relation of progress in the spatial set, whose elements post-pronoun nouns refer to. In the structure d'un... à l'autre the verb of movement may occur in the perfective or imperfective form. Following the verbs of movement in the perfective form, the correlation d'un... à l'autre excludes the progressive interpretation of movement, while following the verbs of movement in the imperfective form, it allows for two-fold interpretation: progressive movement or alternating movement between two elements. All Polish translation equivalents of both correlations de... en... and d'un... à l'autre behave similarly as the correlation d'un... à l'autre: they may link with verbs in imperfective and perfective forms. With the verbs in perfective form they exclude progressive interpretation of movement, with the verbs in imperfective form they allow for two-fold interpretation of movement: progressive or alternating, as is the case of structures with d'un... à l'autre. Consequently, Polish translation equivalents following the verbs of movement in imperfective form neutralise the opposition between de... en... and d'un... à l'autre. Contrary to the French correlations, some contexts require the use of equivalents allowing for two-dimensional or three-dimensional character of localisers.

Key words: French and Polish prepositions, translation

• Dominique VERBEKEN, Présent et présentification : une question de point de vue 139

Summary

PRESENT AND PRESENTIFICATION

The aim of this article is to reconsider the effect of presentification which the présent has when it indicates a past “eventuality” in a narrative text and to demonstrate that this effect is richer than what is generally shown in the studies on this tense. Various functions of the effect of presentification – hypotypose – are distinguished by attaching them to the enunciative strategy, which implies that any narration is an act of “handling the reader or the listener”. Thus, three types of narrative present are defined: the présent narratif “traditional” (the eventuality seems occur “under the eyes” of the narrataire), the présent narratif “descriptif” (this type of présent gives the impression of a concomitance between the moment of the narration and the moment of the eventuality) and the présent narratif “communicatif” (the présent connects the narrator to the narrataire at the same time).

Key words: verbal tense, present, presentification, narration